Author: Mark Ramzy

Background Information:  Double external defibrillation (DED) is an intervention often used to treat refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF). This procedure involves applying another set of pads attached to a second defibrillator to a patient and shocking them in hopes of terminating …

Background Information: Multiple illness severity scores have been developed for use after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Unfortunately, these rely on information that is not immediately available to providers in the early hours following return of …

Background Information: Electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is regularly performed by emergency physicians, intensivists, and cardiologists. Although many approaches to performing this procedure exist, the most common electrode placement is the anterior-lateral compared to the anterior-posterior positioning.1 The literature backing …

Background Information: Refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is defined as prolonged cardiac arrest and cardiac arrest without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In addition to an already morbid condition, the chances of these patients surviving drops below 5% …

Background Information: Epistaxis management in the emergency department has historically included topical vasoconstrictors, local anesthetics such as oxymetazoline and phenylephrine and topical fibrinolytic agents such as Tranexamic Acid (TXA). When these topical agents fail, packing, chemical cauterization or surgical ligation …